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C. Color symbolism

Brown :
Natural, organism, nature, richness, rusticism, stability, tradition, anachronism, boorishness, dirt, earth (classical element) dullness, filth, depth, heaviness, poverty, calm, roughness,

Gray :
Water, urban sprawl, pollution, dust, dullness, decrepitude, decay, boredom, anachronism, wisdom, subtlety, stability, reverence, respect, humility, elegance.

Yellow :
Femininity, greed, weakness, avarice, dishonesty, hazards, illness, cowardice, liberalism, air, hope, wealth, idelism, optimism, earth, happiness, joy, sunlight.

White :
Hope, morning, air, death, ferfulness, cowardice, surrender, clinicism, coldness, winter, sterility, winter, marriage, humility, security, simplicity, cleanliness, innoceance, peace, snow, purity.

Green :
Air, sincerity, hope, life, greed, illness, jealousy, coldness, misfortune, envy, inexperience, aggression, grass, go, generosity, vigor, luck, good, wealth, environment, youth, fertility, spring, nature.

Blue :
Tranquility, seas, skies, peace, unity, harmony, calmness, coolness, confidence, water, ice, loyalty, dependability, cleanliness, technology, coldness, idealism, earth, wisdom, air, tackiness, obscenity.

Orange :
Energy, balance, heat, fire, enthusiasm, flamboyance, playfulness, aggression, arrogance, gaudiness, overmotion, warning, danger.

Purple :
Sensuality, spirituality, creativity, wealth, royalty, nobility, ceremony, mystery, wisdom, enlightenment, arrogance, flamboyance, gaudiness, mourning, profanity, exaggeration, confusion

C. Computer-aided architectural design

          Computer-aided architectural design (CAAD) software programs are the repository of accurate and comprehensive records of buildings and are used by architects and architectural companies. The first program was installed back in the 1960's, to help architects save time instead of drawing their blueprints . Computer-aided design also known as CAD was originally the type of program that architects used, but since CAD couldn't offer all the tools that architects needed to complete a project, CAAD developed as a distinct class of software .

Visual representation

          All CAD and CAAD systems employ a database with geometric and other properties of objects; they all have some kind of graphic user interface to manipulate a visual representation rather than the database; and they are all more or less concerned with assembling designs from standard and non-standard pieces. Currently, the main distinction which causes one to speak of CAAD rather than CAD lies in the domain knowledge (architecture-specific objects, techniques, data, and process support) embedded in the system. A CAAD system differs from other CAD systems in two respects:

          In a more general sense, CAAD also refers to the use of any computational technique in the field of architectural design other than by means of architecture-specific software. For example, software which is specifically developed for the computer animation industry (e.g. Maya and 3DStudio Max), is also used in architectural design. The distinction what belong to CAAD proper is not always clear to make. Specialized software, for example for calculating structures by means of finite element method , are used in architectural design, so in that sense they fall under CAAD. On the other hand, such software are seldomly used to create new designs. In CAAD we can also find application of techniques such as shape grammars , evolutionary computation , and expert systems . For support of the communication process, all kinds of Computer Supported Collaborative Work (CSCW) systems are implemented.

Three dimensional objects

          CAAD has two types of structures in its program. The first system is surface structure which provides a graphics medium to represent three dimensional objects using two dimensional representations. Also algorithms that allow the generation of patterns and their analysis using programmed criteria, and data banks that store information about the problem at hand and the standards and regulations that applies to it. The second system is deep structure which means that the operations performed by the computer have natural limitations. Computer hardware and machine languages that are supported by these make it easy to perform arithmetical operations quickly and accurately. Also almost an illogical number of layers of symbolic processing can be built enabling the functionalities that are found at the surface.

Advantages

          Another advantage to CAAD is the two way mapping of activities and functionalities.NOS. The two instances of mapping are indicated to be between the surface structures (TM1) and the deep structures (TM2). These mappings are abstractions that are introduced in order to discuss the process of design and deployment of CAAD systems. In designing the systems the system developers usually consider TM1. Here a one-to-one mapping is the typical statement, which is to develop a computer based functionality that maps as closely as possible into a corresponding manual design activity, for example, drafting of stairs, checking spatial conflict between building systems, and generating perspectives from orthogonal views. The architectural design processes tend to integrate models isolated so far. Many different kinds of expert knowledge, tools, visualization techniques, and media are to be combined. The design process covers the complete life cycle of the building. The areas that are covered are construction, operations, reorganization, as well as destruction. Considering the shared use of digital design tools and the exchange of information and knowledge between designers and across different projects, we speak of a design continuum.
          An architect's work involves mostly visually represented data. Problems are often outlined and dealt with in a graphical approach. Only this form of expression serves as a basis for work and discussion. Therefore, the designer should have a maximum visual control over the processes taking place with in the design continuum. Further questions occur about navigation, associative information access, programming and communication with in very large data sets.

Environmental design

          From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Environmental design is the process of addressing environmental parameters when devising plans, programs, policies, buildings, or products. Classical prudent design may have always considered environmental factors; however, the environmental movement beginning in the 1960s has made the concept more explicit.
          Environmental Design has been defined: "We live in the world by design. Creating the everyday environment in which we live involves complex systems of cultural meaning, visual communication and the use of tools, technology and materials. As a field of study, Environmental Design encompasses the built, natural, and human environments and focuses on fashioning physical and social interventions informed by human behaviour and environmental processes. Design asks us to find answers to the most fundamental of human questions: how should we live in the world and what should inform our actions? This complex endeavour requires an interdisciplinary approach." [ citation needed ]
          Environmental design in the old-fashioned sense develops physical environments, both interior and exterior, to meet one or more aesthetic or day-to-day functional needs, or to create a specific sort of experience - the focus being the human-designed environment. Environmental design includes such specialities as architects , acoustical scientists, engineers , environmental scientists , landscape architects , urban planning , interior designers , lighting designers , and exhibition designers . In many situations, historic preservation can be added to this list. Another recent addition to this general area might be " disability access ".
         In terms of a larger scope, environmental design has implications for the industrial design of products: innovative automobiles , wind-electricity generators, solar-electric equipment, and other kinds of equipment could serve as examples.

Examples

            Examples of the environmental design process include use of roadway noise computer models in design of noise barriers and use of roadway air dispersion models in analyzing and designing urban highways . Designers consciously working within this more recent framework of philosophy and practice seek a blending of nature and technology, regarding ecology as the basis for design. Some believe that strategies of conservation, stewardship, and regeneration can be applied at all levels of scale from the individual building to the community, with benefit to the human individual and local and planetary ecosystems.

Specific examples of large scale environmental design projects include:

•  Boston Transportation Planning Review

•  Bay Area Rapid Transit System Daly City Turnback project and airport extension.

•  Metropolitan Portland, Oregon light rail system

History

           Early roots began in the late 19th Century with writer/designer William Morris , who rejected the use of industrialized materials and processes in wallpaper, fabrics and books his studio produced. He and others, such as John Ruskin felt that the industrial revolution would lead to harm done to nature and workers.
          From the middle of the twentieth century, thinkers like Buckminster Fuller have acted as catalysts for a broadening and deepening of the concerns of environmental designers. Nowadays, energy efficiency , appropriate technology , organic horticulture or organic agriculture , land restoration , community design , and ecologically sustainable energy and waste systems are recognized considerations or options and may each find application

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia